Texts 1-2

Text 1. Bus

How do all the different components of your computer communicate with each other? They use special electronic pathways called a bus. Just like a passenger bus that can transport large amount of people, the computer’s bus can carry a great deal of information. The bus allows the computer’s standard peripherals such as the keyboard, monitor, to talk to each other and other parts of PC.

They are made out of numerous electronic pathways called the circuit lines along which power and data travel. The original IBM PC’s 8-bit bus has 62 lines, 8 of which transmit power to the adapter card. Another 8 to 32 lines carry data to various components such as memory chips or display. The next 20 lines are called address lines. They carry a coded road map to where the information is traveling. Each adapter card has unique destination or address on the route of the bus. The remanders of the bus’s lines carry commands for the standard computer operation such as reading or writing data. Every component plugged into the bus is constantly looking for signals coming down the command line.

When a signal to write data appears only the input/output devices recognize the command, other device such as the memory circuits do not. Alerted by the right command the IO devices check the address lines. If the code matches its address, the adapter accepts the data and follows the new command. Otherwise the adapter simply ignores the command.

Text 2. Voice-Output Devices

How do blind and visually impaired people read e-mail? They use voice synthesizers that aloud the words on the screen. But what do they do on the heavily graphics-oriented World Wide Web? Many use PC Webspeak, a nonvisual browser, which read HTML-hypertext markup language, the programming code of the Web page-and interprets it directly. Or they rely on Web page designers to provide a text description of graphics or photographs used, which is translated into aural communication.

Voice-output, or speech-synthesis, devices convert digital data into speech-like sounds. These devices are no longer very unusual. You hear such forms of voice output on telephones (“Please hang up and dial your call again”), in soft-drink machines, in cars, in toys and games, and recently in mapping software for vehicle-navigation devices.

Some uses of speech output are simply frivolous or amusing. You can replace your computer start-up beep with the sound of James Brown screaming “I feel good!” Or you can attach a voice annotation to a spread-sheet that says “I Know this look high, Bob, but trust me.”

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