Texts 1-2

Text 1. Bus

How do all the different components of your computer communicate with each other? They use special electronic pathways called a bus. Just like a passenger bus that can transport large amount of people, the computer’s bus can carry a great deal of information. The bus allows the computer’s standard peripherals such as the keyboard, monitor, to talk to each other and other parts of PC.

They are made out of numerous electronic pathways called the circuit lines along which power and data travel. The original IBM PC’s 8-bit bus has 62 lines, 8 of which transmit power to the adapter card. Another 8 to 32 lines carry data to various components such as memory chips or display. The next 20 lines are called address lines. They carry a coded road map to where the information is traveling. Each adapter card has unique destination or address on the route of the bus. The remanders of the bus’s lines carry commands for the standard computer operation such as reading or writing data. Every component plugged into the bus is constantly looking for signals coming down the command line.

When a signal to write data appears only the input/output devices recognize the command, other device such as the memory circuits do not. Alerted by the right command the IO devices check the address lines. If the code matches its address, the adapter accepts the data and follows the new command. Otherwise the adapter simply ignores the command.

Text 2. Voice-Output Devices

How do blind and visually impaired people read e-mail? They use voice synthesizers that aloud the words on the screen. But what do they do on the heavily graphics-oriented World Wide Web? Many use PC Webspeak, a nonvisual browser, which read HTML-hypertext markup language, the programming code of the Web page-and interprets it directly. Or they rely on Web page designers to provide a text description of graphics or photographs used, which is translated into aural communication.

Voice-output, or speech-synthesis, devices convert digital data into speech-like sounds. These devices are no longer very unusual. You hear such forms of voice output on telephones (“Please hang up and dial your call again”), in soft-drink machines, in cars, in toys and games, and recently in mapping software for vehicle-navigation devices.

Some uses of speech output are simply frivolous or amusing. You can replace your computer start-up beep with the sound of James Brown screaming “I feel good!” Or you can attach a voice annotation to a spread-sheet that says “I Know this look high, Bob, but trust me.”

* 5дугаар 7 хоногийн эхний бие даалтын сорилд орох тул англиар цээжлэн бэлдэж, дэвтэр дээрээ монгол руу орчуулснаа лаб дээр  үзүүлээрэй.

 

Writing an essay

The Structure of an Essay

 Your essay should start with an introductory paragraph. There are actually many different ways to begin an essay; therefore, the format of the introductory paragraph is flexible. Often, essays begin with a general introductory statement. This statement could be an anecdote, description, striking statistic, a fact that will lead to your thesis, etc. Beginning this way, you will use the first few sentences to prepare, or "lay the groundwork" for your thesis, and use the last sentence of the first paragraph to present your thesis. However, your thesis statement can be anywhere in your introduction. In a longer essay, you can even wait to present your thesis until the second paragraph or later. Also for a longer essay, you should begin to introduce a few supporting ideas in the first couple of paragraphs. These supporting ideas should be the topics that you will discuss in full in your body paragraphs. For a short essay, presenting supporting ideas during the introduction is optional.

Your second paragraph generally begins the body of the paper. (For a longer paper, the body of the paper may not begin until the third paragraph or later). This paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that introduces the first supporting idea (the support for your thesis). You should use the middle of the paragraph to discuss your support, give examples, and analyze the significance of these examples. Your last sentence of the body paragraph could be used to draw a conclusion for that supporting idea, or to transition into the next paragraph.

Your next two body paragraphs should follow the same format as your first body paragraph. They should each have a separate topic sentence and supporting ideas, but the three paragraphs should work together to prove your thesis. If you are writing a longer paper, you will have more than three body paragraphs, but they should all follow this format.

The form of your conclusion, like your introduction, is flexible. One good way to conclude a paper is to begin the last paragraph with a statement that reflects on what has been stated and proved, without repeating it exactly. Then you should briefly restate your key points to gently remind the reader how well you proved your thesis. Your conclusion should end with a statement or idea that leaves a strong impression and provokes further thought.

The essay

To define the essay briefly, one can say that it is a piece of writing usually short (3 to 10 pages), written in prose, and that may be on any subject. The essay is generally based on other people's statements. In the essay you can include your personal opinion, and some examples to illustrate your point of view. It is written about one topic, just as a paragraph is. However, the topic of an essay is too long and too complex to discuss it in one paragraph. Therefore, you must divide the topic into several paragraphs, one for each major point. In general, essays have three basic parts: introduction, body and conclusion.

1. The Introduction

It is the first section of your essay. This makes it extremely important, because first impressions are often lasting ones. It consists of two parts: a few general statements about your subject to attract your reader's attention, and a thesis statement, that states the specific subdivisions of your topic and/or the "plan" of your paper. The introduction then, begins with remarks to interest people. As it progresses, it should present general ideas or facts to orient the reader. Then, it will narrow its focus, and move from general to specific facts smoothly and logically.

2. The body Paragraphs

They are the longest section of you essay. In a short essay there are usually three body paragraphs, each one considering in detail one aspect of the essay's controlling idea. This is called a three-point essay. At the beginning of each of your support paragraphs, there is a topic sentence that tells what the rest of your text is going to be about. This sentence should direct your readers back to the controlling idea and indicate which aspect of it you are going to discuss. Once you present your topic, you need details and facts to support it. It is not enough to state your position; your reader needs to be convinced that your point of view is valid an accurate. There is not any rule that determines how long a body paragraph should be. The more relevant detail you can bring in to support each of your topic sentence, the clearer your points will be.

3. The Conclusion

The ideas in this part must be consistent with the rest of your essay. In it, you should restate the controlling idea. This restatement is usually more effective when it is located at the beginning of the conclusion. It reminds your public about the major points you were trying to make, and it indicates your essay is about to end. Many writers like to end their conclusion with a final emphatic sentence. This strong closing statement will make your readers think about the implications of what you wrote. You do not introduce your points in your conclusion.