Quiz (20 questions) - 2/V

1. If clause 1/2; (TS2-p25) - Баасанжав, Оюунтунгалаг
http://prezi.com/wb7bsmu0iqcv/conditionals/
2. Future with "going to"; Present Continuous in Future (TS2-p37; TS3-p55)- Гэрэлсүрэн, Бямбасүрэн

http://prezi.com/9rwtrz7hfnlv/willgoing-to/
3. Modals (TS2-p69; TS3-p57) - Бадамдэмид, Ууганбаяр
http://prezi.com/h24iwrrrtiiu/modal-verbs/
4. Order of Adjectives (TS2-p79) - Энхтуяа, Ууганзаяа
http://prezi.com/ppe0tjlnq752/adjective-order/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySnT_5IcWGg
5. V+ing + preposition (TS2-p111)- Наран-Од, Бадмаараг

6. Future with "will"; "may"; "might" (TS2-p119) - Ганчимэг
http://prezi.com/vgdlpk4rfnnt/future-tense-willgoing-to/
7. Present Simple in Future (TS2-p121) - Эрдэнэжаргал, Эрдэнэцэцэг

8.Passive (TS3-p119;121) - Золбаяр, Одгэрэл
http://prezi.com/tde9ixhqib0f/the-tenses-the-passive/
Passive - Ануужин, Оюунжаргал

http://www.slideshare.net/first_suljee/how-to-write-a-cover-letter-6435651?from=favorite_email

TOEFL Equivalency Table

TOEIC	TOEFL Paper	TOEFL CBT	TOEFL IBT	IELTS	Cambridge Exam	CEFR	VEC Online Score	Approximate VEC Level
0 - 250	0 - 310	0 - 30	0 - 8	0 - 1.0			0 - 34	2
	310 - 343	33 - 60	9 - 18	1.0 - 1.5		A1	35 - 38	3
255 - 400	347 - 393	63 - 90	19 - 29	2.0 - 2.5		A1	39 - 45	4 - 5
	397 - 433	93 - 120	30 - 40	3.0 - 3.5	KET (IELTS 3.0)	A2	46 - 53	6 - 7
					PET (IELTS 3.5)	B1 (IELTS 3.5)
405 - 600	437 - 473	123 - 150	41 - 52	4.0	PET	B1	54 - 57	8
	477 - 510	153 - 180	53 - 64	4.5 - 5.0	PET (IELTS 4.5)	B1 (IELTS 4.5)	58 - 65	9 - 10
					FCE (IELTS 5.0)	B2 (IELTS 5.0)
605 - 780	513 - 547	183 - 210	65 - 78	5.5 - 6.0	FCE	B2	66 - 73	11 - 12
	550 - 587	213 - 240	79 - 95	6.5 - 7.0	CAE	C1	74 - 81	13 - 14
785 - 990	590 - 677	243 - 300	96 - 120	7.5 - 9.0	CPE	C2	82 - 100	15
Top Score	Top Score	Top Score	Top Score	Top Score	Top Score	Top Level	Top Score	Top Level
990	677	300	120	9	100	C2	100	15

must.edu.mn 2

http://www.must.edu.mn/beta3/notice1439 -  2013.04.01 - english
http://www.must.edu.mn/beta3/notice1436 - 2013.04.03 - USA

Texts 5-6

Text 5. Next Generation Network

Intense competition is expected in the information networking arena over the next 5-10 years. As the competition increases, it will be essential for companies to position themselves appropriately to take advantage of their core competencies and to prepare for the emerging telecommunications environment. In this competitive environment, mergers, alliances, and the onslaught of new entrants into the market have service providers struggling to find innovative ways to retain and/or attract the most lucrative subscribers. Today’s service providers are striving to differentiate themselves within this expanding competitive landscape by searching for ways to brand and bundle new services, achieve operational cost reductions, and strategically position themselves in relation to their competition. As Figure 1 illustrates, the top 15% of today’s residential subscribers in the US are said to account for about 95% of carrier profits! Thus, many service providers are looking to Next Generation Network (NGN) services as a means to attract and/or retain the most lucrative customers.

While this paper is not intended to describe NGNs in detail, it may be helpful to provide a brief, high-level definition of what an NGN is to help set the stage for the remainder of the paper. For this paper, an NGN can be thought of as a packet-based network where the packet switching and transport elements (e.g., routers, switches, and gateways) are logically and physically separated from the service/call control intelligence. This control intelligence is used to support all types of services over the packet-based transport network, including everything from basic voice telephony services to data, video, multimedia, advanced broadband, and management applications, which can be thought of as just another type of service that NGNs support.

From a user’s perspective, today’s networks have come a long way in fulfilling their purpose of enabling people and their machines to communicate at a distance. However, a key critical success factor (among many) is focused telecommunications industry attention on NGN service concepts and how these concepts can be realized in an NGN environment, from the edges to the core of the network. This focus is lacking today, with most of the attention on specific NGN technology issues. For example, what type of access will be supported? How will the backbone transport network be designed? How will operations and management be handled in this new environment? Although these are all critical questions, we believe the most important issues to be addressed relate to NGN services and how they can be realized in an NGN environment. Common industry understanding of an NGN services vision will help crystallize the requirements for each of the technology issues, as well as identify areas where industry cooperation is needed.

Text 6. Smart cards.

A smart looks like a credit card but contains a microprocessor and memory chip. Then inserted into a reader, it transfers data to and from a central computer, and it can store some basic financial records. It is more secure than a magnetic-stripe card and can be programmed to self-destruct it the wrong password is entered too many times.

In France, where the smart card was invented, you can buy telephone debit cards at most cafes and newsstands. You insert the card into a slot in the phone, wait for a tone, and dial the number. The time of your call is automatically calculated on the chip inside the card and deducted from the balance. The French also use smart cards as bank cards, and come people carry their medical histories on them. 

The United States has been slow to embrace smart cards because of the prevalence of conventional magnetic-stripe credit cards. Moreover, the United States has large installed base of credit-cards readers and phone lines are scarcer, and merchants cannot as easily check over the phone with a centralized credit database. In these situations, stored value smart cards, sometimes called “electronic purses”, make sense because they carry their own spending limits. Thus write the Americans have been in the pilot-project stage, the Europeans, in transcending their own antiquated phone systems, have gone all out with smart cards-which, as one observer suggests, says a lot about the wacky ways in which technology spreads these days.

 

* 15дугаар 7 хоногийн 3p бие даалтын сорилд орох тул англиар цээжлэн бэлдэж, дэвтэр дээрээ монгол руу орчуулснаа лаб дээр  үзүүлээрэй.

Review grammar

Compound sentence –Энгийн нийлмэл өгүүлбэр
1. We booked the flight, and we picked up the tickets the same day.
2. We booked the flight, but we haven’t picked up the tickets.
3. We could book the flight, or we could wait until tomorrow.

Texts 3-4

Text 3. Parity Bit 

In the PC environment, 7- or 8-bit characters are often used to read, process, store, and transmit information. Seven bits are enough to encode all upper and lowercase characters, symbols, and function keys, which number 128, in conformance with the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). An option all eighth bit, called the “parity” bit, is used to check data integrity. When used, it is inserted between the last bit of a character and the first “stop” bit. 

The parity bit is included as a simple means of error checking. There is even and odd parity. The devices at each end of the connection must have the same parity setting. The idea is that parity is agreed upon before the start of transmission. The actual configuration is done from within an operating environment such as Windows when setting up the connection preferences of the modem.  

 Suppose the parity chosen is odd. The transmitter will then set the parity bit in such a way as to make an odd number of 1s among the data bits and the parity bit. For example, if there are five 1s among the data bits, already an odd number, the parity bit will be set to 0. If errors are detected at the receiving device, a notification is sent in the header of the return packet, so that only corrupt bytes need to be retransmitted. 

While asynchronous communication is a relatively simple and, therefore, inexpensive method of serial data transmission, it is very inefficient. This is because asynchronous transmissions include high overhead in that each byte carries at least two extra bits for the start-stop functions, which results in a 20 percent loss of useful bandwidth (2/10 = 0.20 or 20 percent). For large amounts of data, this adds up quickly. For example, to transmit 1000 characters, or 8000 bits, 2000 extra bits must be transmitted for the start and stop functions, bringing the total number of bits sent to 10,000. The 2000 extra bits is equivalent to sending 250 more characters over the link.  

Text 4.Wireless technologies

Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart.

Communications satellites – The satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.

Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.

Radio and spread spectrum technologies – Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. IEEE 802.11 defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology.

Infrared communication can transmit signals for small distances, typically no more than 10 meters. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.

A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs. 

* 10дугаар 7 хоногийн 2p бие даалтын сорилд орох тул англиар цээжлэн бэлдэж, дэвтэр дээрээ монгол руу орчуулснаа лаб дээр  үзүүлээрэй.